ab是Apache超文本传输协议(HTTP)的性能测试工具。
安装
安装apache
ab命令放在apache目录bin目录下面
ab -V版本信息
[root@localhost ~]# ab --help
ab: wrong number of arguments
Usage: ab [options] [http[s]://]hostname[:port]/path
Options are:
-n requests Number of requests to perform
-c concurrency Number of multiple requests to make
-t timelimit Seconds to max. wait for responses
-b windowsize Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes
-p postfile File containing data to POST. Remember also to set -T
-u putfile File containing data to PUT. Remember also to set -T
-T content-type Content-type header for POSTing, eg.
'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
Default is 'text/plain'
-v verbosity How much troubleshooting info to print
-w Print out results in HTML tables
-i Use HEAD instead of GET
-x attributes String to insert as table attributes
-y attributes String to insert as tr attributes
-z attributes String to insert as td or th attributes
-C attribute Add cookie, eg. 'Apache=1234. (repeatable)
-H attribute Add Arbitrary header line, eg. 'Accept-Encoding: gzip'
Inserted after all normal header lines. (repeatable)
-A attribute Add Basic WWW Authentication, the attributes
are a colon separated username and password.
-P attribute Add Basic Proxy Authentication, the attributes
are a colon separated username and password.
-X proxy:port Proxyserver and port number to use
-V Print version number and exit
-k Use HTTP KeepAlive feature
-d Do not show percentiles served table.
-S Do not show confidence estimators and warnings.
-g filename Output collected data to gnuplot format file.
-e filename Output CSV file with percentages served
-r Don't exit on socket receive errors.
-h Display usage information (this message)
-Z ciphersuite Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers)
-f protocol Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, SSL3, TLS1, or ALL)
注意:如果不想安装apache但是又想使用ab命令的话,直接安装apache的工具包httpd-tools。如下:
yum -y install httpd-tools
压力测试
ab -n1000 -c10 http://localhost/t.php
-n1000表示总请求数为1000
-c10表示并发用户数为10
参数说明
Concurrency Level:并发用户数;
Time taken for tests:请求处理花费的总时间;
Complete requests:总请求数;
Failed requests:失败的请求数;
Total transferred::所有请求响应数据长度总和;
HTML transferred:所有请求响应数据中正文数据总和;
Requests per second:是我们很关注的一个数据,有人称作“吞吐率”,Requests per second=Complete requests/Time taken for tests
Time per request:平均请求等待时间;
Transfer rate:这些请求在单位时间从服务器获取的数据长度。
ab命令在系统测试时候,一般并发不能超过1024个,系统限制每个进程打开的最大文件数为1024,用ulimit -a
来查看
ulimit -a
core file size (blocks, -c) 0
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
pending signals (-i) 7932
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files (-n) 1024
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200
real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) 10240
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 1024
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited
ab性能指标
1、吞吐率(Requests per second)
服务器并发处理能力的量化描述,单位是reqs/s,指的是在某个并发用户数下单位时间内处理的请求数。某个并发用户数下单位时间内能处理的最大请求数,称之为最大吞吐率。
记住:吞吐率是基于并发用户数的。这句话代表了两个含义:
a、吞吐率和并发用户数相关
b、不同的并发用户数下,吞吐率一般是不同的
计算公式:总请求数/处理完成这些请求数所花费的时间,即
Request per second=Complete requests/Time taken for tests
必须要说明的是,这个数值表示当前机器的整体性能,值越大越好。
2、并发连接数(The number of concurrent connections)
并发连接数指的是某个时刻服务器所接受的请求数目,简单的讲,就是一个会话。
3、并发用户数(Concurrency Level)
要注意区分这个概念和并发连接数之间的区别,一个用户可能同时会产生多个会话,也即连接数。在HTTP/1.1下,IE7支持两个并发连接,IE8支持6个并发连接,FireFox3支持4个并发连接,所以相应的,我们的并发用户数就得除以这个基数。
4、用户平均请求等待时间(Time per request)
计算公式:处理完成所有请求数所花费的时间/(总请求数/并发用户数),即: Time per request=Time taken for tests/(Complete requests/Concurrency Level)
5、服务器平均请求等待时间(Time per request:across all concurrent requests)
计算公式:处理完成所有请求数所花费的时间/总请求数,即: Time taken for/testsComplete requests
可以看到,它是吞吐率的倒数。
同时,它也等于用户平均请求等待时间/并发用户数,即
Time per request/Concurrency Level